... Earlier studies have shown that facial micro-expressions are more reliable than facial macro-expressions for revealing emotions. They are subtle, involuntary movements responding to external stimuli that cannot be controlled. This paper proposes using facial micro-expressions combined with brain and physiological signals to more reliably detect underlying emotions. We describe our models for measuring arousal and valence levels from a combination of facial micro-expressions, Electroencephalography (EEG) signals, galvanic skin responses (GSR), and Photoplethysmography (PPG) signals. We then evaluate our model using the DEAP dataset and our own dataset based on a subject-independent approach. Lastly, we discuss our results, the limitations of our work, and how these limitations could be overcome. We also discuss future directions for using facial micro-expressions and physiological signals in emotion recognition. ...
See the full story here: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.864047/full?fbclid=IwAR08VY7UCtU1nMjKH24E2dd2KgYqX_Y3g33fz4SHRq37FimpIth2lfD908Y